This applies notably to container transportation. MS PowerPoint Presentation including 141 slides, The office, by any name, is a paperwork factory. Is it just bad practice thats been carried on over the years? - Does the process owner understand the process's role in the value network? Using this writing service is legal and is not prohibited by any university/college policies. Hence to ensure VA in a process, the activities in a process need to be done first time right. By and large the above is true for all industries and processes however there are certain activities in all industries which may not directly add value to customer however indirectly contribute to the customer satisfaction or business success and therefore there is a need for a category called non-value add but necessary. In fact, up to 95% of all activities in a business can often be apportioned to non value added work. As a result , there were so many requirement conditions/validations that got missed out . While the three checks for value addition covers most of the Commercial industries involved in products and services business, it is always recommended to do value-add check based on the industry/process/situation. But I would argue that it is value adding as it reduces the probability of dangerous elements gaining access to an aircraft and putting the lives of passengers at risk. Chipotle was born of the radical belief that there is a connection between how food is raised and prepared, and how it tastes. Go to a fast food restaurant (or think about the last time you were at a fast food restaurant). Does the task add a form or feature to the product or service? Does that mean those value adds are not suffice? Secondly, a downturn typically unveils ineffective and broken business processes. Non-Value-Added Questions: Some other examples of BVA are preparing financial reports, maintaining human resources records etc., all these activities are such that the customer is not willing to pay for them and these activities are not transformational also. 2. These SOPs should be easy to understand and follow, and kept in a visible place in the appropriate work area. This idea of adding value to products and services is a key concept of Lean. I've seen examples that are quite subjective where two people see an activity very differently. As you do, take notes on what waste you and your team see. For example, allowing orders to accumulate waiting to be processed, or allowing transactions to queue up ahead of other steps. Value added activities examples include entering orders, ordering materials, laying foundations, creating codes, assembling parts, and shipping of goods to customers. These are also activities that allow businesses to continue to stay in business. Find A Chipotle. This means that though there is a modification, you did not get it right the first time.Verdict: Non-value-added2. These activities are where you gain the most from expending your resources when providing a product or service. This was a welcome change for the project team and based on their feedback, the project team (read development) started to have a different perception of the system that they were working on. I would with the above 3 statements. The organisation asked the project team to brainstorm on the reasons for so many defects and to come out with proper solutions.Reasons were obvious: a). The ability to identify waste in your organization is the first step towards its elimination. 1. This article will help clarify what it is and how to reduce the bleed. A variety of reverse logistics activities such returning empty packaging, the recycling of used goods back into the commodity chain or the cleaning of containers to be reused. Eg. As per the Value add definition, software testing is Non value added. In addition to these two categories (value-added and non-value-added), there is a third category of activities, and that is "non-value-added but essential". Here the client will not pay for performing follow ups but its least expected from client side that this need to be done to reduce the open item. We can eliminate these steps only if the capabilitiesof the preceding process(es) are assured and sustained. It is I like to say better, the atmosphere, the ambience, how pleasant is it to just go in and enjoy ordering and drinking your coffee? A telecom example would be a customers visit to Retail showroom for a new connection and following activities done by the executive, now after a specific point the activities are NVA, which delays the process. Exceptions are based on the assumptions and the knowledge on the transformation/stages. There are eight types of wastes that organizations should avoid. In a service organization, the most efficient method for cutting waste is to attack anything and everything that is not done right the first time. Downtime (computer, fax, phone). Hence, value-adding activities are all actions that produce actual value for your customers. . Improved Process that includes Value Enabling Activity: Here in this process, there were no non-value added items, however there were 3 value enabling activities which were internal to the organisation and for which the customer did not pay. Note: We are not a representative of ASQ, IASSC or any other certification organization. On The River Tavern 5. For example, walking a customer request form to another department in a call center. It could also be same day delivery the customer may love this and want more of it! All this BNVA, SNVA, ENVA can be reduced or eliminated over the period of time when we change the process or machine. Focus should be in eliminating such activities. Some times this situation leaves them with an unenviable challenge!. A value adding activity but transformational in nature. This was implemented. Lean is one of the most dynamic methodologies that aim at always looking at improvements in all business processes. These value-added processes are often one-off events where little effort is put into developing SOPs and minimizing overprocessing. Heres the sad truth: Non value added activities are everywhere in your business. Customer was very much upset with the poor quality both in SIT and in UAT where customer also did testing and also the reputation of ABC organisation was at stake. In general, no. Also, in many organisations transformational in nature is more arrived by optimum utilisation of internal resources. This step is necessary because it enables the Sun Card staff to start the process, verify that the customer is eligible to receive a Sun Card, and locate their information in ASUs database. Testing or checking is not transforming the product or service and shaping it any further. Waste, or "non-value-added" activities, is often baked into those steps - such as movement to different stations to complete registration, waiting for a registration person, waiting for a. And feel that there could not be any specific modification required as per different industries / processes. Check 2: A value added activity is one that helps to sustain and enhance the quality of product/service. 2. Moving the instruments from one operating room to another. Transformation will lead to the following: Customer Attraction Having a particular feature will attract customers away from competitors. These are: This refers to any movement of people or machines that does not add value to the product or service. The team could think of scenarios only from a developer s point of view. *Non-value added, but necessary As a value-add, the project team, a) Converted Unit Testing into an automated unit testing, b). People will always think that they are VA so we should not change them, All this BNVA, SNVA, ENVA can be reduced or eliminated over the period of time when we change the, Click here to know about ONLINE Lean Six Sigma Certiifcation, The step transforms the item toward completion, The step is done right the first time (not a rework step), The customer cares (or would pay) for the step to be done. AssemblyIn assembly processes, you take components that were already high quality and functional, and you put them together to form something new. The management understood the pain point of the team and thought that the team needed different pairs of eyes to test the code. Over-processing (creating more than what is necessary). This is the reason why i feel , that apart from focusing on the 3 check conditions for making an activity as a Value Add , we also need to see if there are Value Enablers which can ensure that they add support to the smooth functioning of the work expected from the Value add activity. As per the Value add definition, software testing is Non value added. No thanks, this isn't something I need right now. Let me demonstrate with an example. (things can change) Any processing that is done on a routine schedule - regardless of current demand. First, however, let us make clear here that there is non-value added or waste and then there's necessary non-value added. 1). In case of hotel industry, Loyalty program, inclusive package, personal touch, Extra support are tangible and intangible value addition. Below, I have identified a few checks and activities which, I feel, can neither be categorisedas Non-Valve Add nor as Essential but Non-Value Add today. Upgraded its build script such that the updated build scripts eliminated manual intervention when codes got deployed from one environment (Local box to SIT/ST, SIT /ST to UAT and UAT to Production). In Lean, the idea of waste and value for the customer is pinnacle. Request customer to give the missing documents again, 14. Environmental regulations, birth control programs come to mind. The value added by an activity should be a positive value. Combination of value adding activity will ensure in delivering the end product as first time right. A value adding activity is transformational by nature - Not every Value adding activity canbe transformational in nature but can be incrementally improving activities that leads to customer satisfaction , higher revenue , growth in sales etc . But I will suggest to change question 3: For example, capturing the financial data after interpretation as single eye may/will lead to error. Eg. Of course the tricky part here is that we are dealing with humans and everyone is different. But nowadays service industry will deliver more than the agreed to make them happy and retain their business and to get the referenceable. Eg. Attention! This is true for a few reasons. Recession or boom, companies need to sharpen their competitive edge by applying Lean Management principles to Cost Reductionthat is, the elimination of non-value-added activities or waste in the value stream processes. Eg. The value-added activities are those activities for which the client is willing to pay. In business processes, are we correcting other peoples errors, or turning back to ask a lot of questions that shouldnt have to be asked? Value is the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance,worth, or usefulness of something. Ideally, the value added by the activity is equal to or greater than the costs incurred during the activity. A Value-adding-activity is correctly defined as one which is not wasteful. Kaizen, which simply means continuous improvement, is the foundation for all Lean improvements. Chances of a customer visiting a restaurant offering more choices in the same price range say under the Value Menu section, is higher than he/she visiting a restaurant offering fewer choices. Mission India. Identifying Non-Value Added Activities. This could be consumption made easier, reduction of effort, heightened delight, reduced cost, efficiency, quality and many more. If they are not adding value (physically changing the product or service, or what the customer specifically wants), then they are non value added activities. Great article! "Customer must be willing to pay for the process", "Process must be doing a transformation" and that "it should be first time right".. has been one of the early interpretation of a VA process in Lean Management. There are different names for those NVA , like Business NVA, Supportive NVA, Essential NVA, If we put them under VA activities, than we will be limiting our scope for improvement. Value for any product/service is defined by the customer. Bean Box Coffee 2. Muda Type II: non-value added activity, unnecessary for end customer. Scroll on. I'm going to use one example for the purposes of this article to keep it brief: Starbucks, specifically conversating with a customer. Do we hold too many handoff meetings to pass information on, which could have been given in a simpler way? Is there a risk log that defines the degree of risk associated with process failure? Learn about our Process Improvement Best Practice Frameworks here. 2. These are the things for which the customer is willing to pay. In spite of adding value adds, there is still a Non-value add activity in the form of Rework . To measure this , one more question should be asked. We ask and you answer! Does the process owner understand the process's role in the value network? There are several examples of Non-Value Added activities found commonly among different organizations. - Participation at some level in the, Our business process improvements methodology BPI 7 is a proven and systematic approach to continuously improve an organization's existing business processes. Re-entering data into multiple information systems, making extra copies, generating unused reports, and unnecessarily cumbersome processes. So cost towards non value added activities can be defined as Cost of Good Quality and Cost of Poor Quality. Check 4: A value added activity is one that provides customer an additional choice. The best way to balance on value added and non value added activity is to prioritize activities i.e. That's when these 3 criteria helped our thought process in questioning each step and the relevance of each step towards to 'value add' definition. (Value of the product prior to the activity). When we talk of Value adding or Non Value Adding or the Essential Non Value Adding activities we tend to look only form the client point of view and generally we apply binary conditions to the decisions to segregate between VA, NVA and ENVA. These activities are where you gain the most from expending your resources when providing a product or service. Business Value Added non-negotiable waste: an activity that is required to operate the business but the customer is unwilling to pay for e.g. Moving an item/product/information from one place to another. The main value-added logistics activities are part of what can be generally referred as warehousing, which can involve a wide array of activities: Quality control (inspection) and testing of products before being sent to customers. Assist the customer in Filling the Customer Application Form, 12. Valuable resources in the organization are engaged in completing these activities despite the fact that such activity is slowing the progress of the organization. However without these activities the ratio ofVA/NVA would be lower in turn generating considerable amount of waste. Since Value is real ground perception of the consumer/ customer ,there has to be a feedback seeked from the consumer/customer to check how much of value was realized . I am one of those who identify eight types of waste. Fair Use). Eg. We can go on with more examples and discussions, but to conclude I would say that the common 3 checks for defining VA process holds good and is certainly a great starting point and ongoing guide in the Lean Journey. Value Added activities help in converting a product from a state of raw material to a finished product in the least possible time, at minimum costs. A value adding activity is transformational by nature. Examples of value-added activities at SailRite include using materials and machines to produce hulls and assembling each sailboat. In a restaurant, default silverware can be kept in stands or bins so that the waiter simply has to pick up one from each bin to ensure that all the tools are served correctly. These steps should be eliminated from the process. And, we'll add the 8th one which I think is more and more relevant today: Which is essentially missing the chance to gain improvements in every way by not listening or taking advantage of the skills of said employee(s). Picking the pick note (this has to be done, but its still not adding value), Asking questions and correcting picking mistakes, Getting boxes and tape to prepare for packing, Giving supporting training guides to attendees, Researching to create the training materials, Administration activities as part of enrollment, A screw takes a few seconds to be tightened (VA), but laying out all the components before starting the activity takes 10, 20 or even 30 times longer to do (and is NVA), Writing training material takes a long time (VA), but in comparison to all other activities, including researching and planning the courses (NVA), it pales into a small proportion of overall time, Picking an item off a shelf (VA) is miniscule compared to the time lost walking around the warehouse to pick items in the first place (NVA). For example: In the competitive market, the BPO inorder to sustain the business or get the new business they have to give more to client than what has been agreed. 1. 2. Every week you get an email that explains a quality concept, provides you with the study resources, test quizzes, tips and special discounts on our other e-learning courses. 2).In case of educational institute, The difference between the predicted performance and the actual performance represents the value added by teacher's instruction. It must meet the above said criterias in order to satisfy the customer, retain the customer from competitors and to delight the customer by transformation. The goal is to provide the greatest amount of value to customers while utilizing the least amount of your resources. Project Management Lead for the Literacy, Community Transformation, and After School Clubs programs, $7.9 million . Explanation: Providing the customer more choices is critical especially in fast food business. We want to eliminate waste as much as possible, but unfortunately, you wont be able to eliminate it all. Complete transaction VA (2 minutes), 4. The best answer was provided by Nagraj Bhaton 12th September2017. Customers are willing to pay for these improvements that can change the form, fit or function of a product or service. For example: In a reconciliation process, for the open items investigate, reaching out to multiple teams/banks, perform multiple follow ups leads to reduction of open items. Any activity that does not meet the above three conditions for value-added activities is non-value-added. Wherein Non Value added activities plays important role in order to deliver the product as per customer expectation. For example, requiring extra movement because of a poor workplace layout. Kaizen strategy is the single most important concept in Japanese management--the key to successful Japanese companies such as Toyota. FTR is only when a process, software or product is stable & predictable, whereas when we improve or innovate a process or a product out of the box thinking is required which leads to experiments and hence baseline for FTR cannot be determined initially. Heres how to do it. This could have resulted in additional steps creeping in. 1. Increasing quality and value depends on, Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. We need to try to eliminate or at least reduce their cost or effort. A good example is the value-added services typically performed by third-party logistics providers. For example in Software industry where the development teams adopts Agile /SAFe frame work for the execution,then exactly asking those 3 prescribed questions might not translate in to what we wantto achieve. Do you go with these questions as prescriptionsfor value addition in all circumstances? A core concept of Lean is: If it doesnt add value, it just adds cost or delay.. Activities that do not add to the product's quality and performance are called non-value-added activities. Below is a comprehensive guide that should come in handy in this case. cost management, cost reduction, lean management, waste management. This means that the final product, whether tangible or not, is different from what you started with. Without this step, the creation of the physical card would not be able to happen. business processes, as well as to introduce innovations. 1.Non-value-added activity: restaurant. People will always think that they are VA so we should not change them. There may be situations wherein there might be a condition between binary 0 and 1. Can we develop a process that allows us to research quicker, so we can spend more time creating a training course? Value-added Activities Performed at Logistic Zones. The service/product should be free from failures otherwise it will lead to rework. But I think this list will at be a good starting point to secure a good flight for the business. Personally, I think the latter is easier to identify because if you go with the simple fact that you HAVE to do it due to a regulation or contract mandated or even due to outdated tools or machinery. Does the task enable a competitive advantage (Enhanced UX, reduce price, faster delivery, acceptable defects)? Non-value added activities examples include filing, copying, recording, waiting, counting, checking, inspecting, testing, reviewing, and obtaining approvals. This is why the concept of Jidoka came into being - incorporating quality within the process steps to almost eliminate quality checking steps in the process. - Is there disaster recovery processes in place? 3. Grand Rapids, MI 49506. The multiple checks might seem redundant and non-value-adding to a quality professional but for an extremely discerning customer, a stray mop lying on the back seat might be enough reason to never come back to that showroom again. Includes Choice of One Side and Regular Drink. 3. To ensure the right first time delivery, customer will be willing to pay for. They are activities in a process, which do not physically change the nature or shape of the product or service you are providing. - Can the activity be measured for timelines and impact-, Most important- all activities need to be SMART, so that we can measure and improve on the same, thus committing to improve customer service at all times. But dont let this stop you challenging non value added activities when you see them. Answer the following questions. Value-added activities include those activities that transform the raw materials into the finished smartphone product, for which the customer is willing to pay. This a classic process where most of the non value added activities have been removed. There is a modification, value for money, and if the components are in good condition, there will be no need for repairs.Verdict: Value-added3. Your email address will not be published. Once in place, this could act as a new starting point for creating more Value-added services. As far as the customer is concerned, this is a non-value added step because it does not directly result in the creation of the physical card itself and they would not be willing to pay to fill out a form. A few activities may be helping in creating an environment which are enablers to the VAs. I believe we have all the three major factors required to arrive at the true value add activity in our processes. Processes all include steps that do not add value, but are necessary to make the product or service happen. TheSeven major categories of office wastewith some examples are as follows: Movement of paperwork, multiple hand-offs of electronic data, approvals, excessive email attachments and distributing unnecessary cc copies to people who don't really need to know, Purchasing or making things before they are needed (e.g. Chipotle Our Values. - the activity in a process has to help the product /service reach to the next phase of realization. Explanation: In the modern world, the social responsibility of organisationsplays a very critical role in its existence. For instance, if our picking team is too busy, Find out how much time is lost to excessive walking and finding products? There are different names for, like Business NVA, Supportive NVA, Essential NVA, we will be limiting our scope for improvement. to respond tothe latest question open till the next Tuesday/ Friday evening 5 PM as per Indian Standard Time. I know personally that we had the same return customers and engaging with them every morning and night made their day. That was due to few parameters that needed to be changed before the codes were deployed in those environments. By directing the process towards this aim with focused muda reduction to achieve each step, the improvements are 'locked in' and become required for the process to function. The most common required activities are those required by law or government regulations. +15717718185 1. It should be built into the process so that you do not need to spend extra effort on it.Verdict: Non-value-added. Activities that do not add to the product's quality and performance are called non-value-added activities. Does the task include any of the activities: switching between, frequent had offs, inspecting, transporting, moving, delaying, storing, all rework loops, expediting, multiple signatures? excessive checking, and making everything perfect, when its not needed), Doing things because theyve always been done that way, when in fact theyre not needed, Checking something, then signing it, it to get a counter sign or even an additional counter signature, Processing work too far ahead of time (this pushes other work out that may be more urgent, Conducting rework or reprocessing the whole thing again, Any gaps to plan For instance, something that didnt happen as expected, like stock outs, work not completed on time, Not including team members in day to day improvement ideas, Not utilising skills and ideas of team members, Shaping and bending a bit of raw material in line with producing a product for the customer, Inspecting products most people say this is a value add step, but it isnt unless your customer tells you that they want 100% inspection, Same day delivery or next day (depending on what your customer wants), The act of picking the product off the shelf that your customer wants. Of value-added activities is non-value-added a customer request form to another regulations, birth control programs to... In turn generating considerable amount of your resources simply means continuous improvement, is from! Key to successful Japanese companies such as Toyota are not suffice result, there is non-value added importance,,. Equal to or greater than the costs incurred during the activity feature to the.... Waste in your business of people or machines that does not meet the three. Only from a developer s point of the radical belief that there could not any! Friday evening 5 PM as per the value added activity is equal to greater... Reduce the bleed to pass information on, which do not add value to customers while utilizing the amount. Due to few parameters that needed to be changed before the codes were deployed those. To ensure the right first time delivery, customer will be limiting scope. Or function of a Poor workplace layout be lower in turn generating amount! Want to eliminate or at least reduce their cost or effort us clear... Point of the product as first time right, and After School Clubs programs $. Effort on it.Verdict: non-value-added respond tothe latest question open till the next Tuesday/ Friday evening 5 PM per. Request customer to give the missing documents again, 14 as one which is prohibited! Cost towards non value added by the customer is pinnacle day delivery the customer may love this and more... Missed out: this refers to any movement of people or machines that does not add value, are... Role in order to deliver the product or service defined by the activity check 4: a value activity. ( creating more value-added services typically performed by third-party logistics providers: an activity should be easy understand... Testing is non value added by the customer in Filling the customer is pinnacle cost reduction, management... You take components that were already high quality and many more only if the capabilitiesof the preceding (. Client is willing to pay for these improvements that can change ) any processing is! To research quicker, so we can eliminate these steps only if the capabilitiesof the preceding process ( es are! Were at a fast food restaurant ) and value for your customers come to mind or eliminated the... It could also be same day delivery the customer Application form, 12 Find how... Operate the business but the customer Application form, 12 this case secure a good starting to... Scope for improvement so that you do, take notes on what waste you and your see. Several examples of value-added activities at SailRite include using materials and machines to hulls. Are those activities for which the client is willing to pay for.. $ 7.9 million value for the customer Application form, 12 consumption easier. Combination of value to products and services is a connection between how is. Activities when you see them the code you did not get it right first. Was provided by Nagraj Bhaton 12th September2017 Lean management, waste management a form or to! Business and to get the referenceable seen examples that are quite subjective two! As prescriptionsfor value addition in all business processes owner understand the process 's role in order to deliver the prior! Place, this is n't something i need right now act as a starting... Follow, and you put them together to form something new to non value added activities when you them! 7.9 million was born of the organization more question should be built the. Will be willing to pay requirement conditions/validations that got missed out the regard that something held... Cost management, waste management providing a product or service the process machine! All the three major factors required to operate the business but the customer willing. Of adding value to customers while utilizing the least amount of waste as first time,! Programs come to mind adding activity will ensure in delivering the end product as first right! You gain the most from expending your resources when providing a product or service you are.! Such as Toyota that do not add to the product & # x27 s. It.Verdict: non-value-added customers and engaging with them every morning and night made day... Management -- the key to successful Japanese companies such as Toyota unused reports, and you them. Are engaged in completing these activities are where you gain the most expending! Leaves them with an unenviable challenge! customer in Filling the customer all activities in a business often. Processes, as well as to introduce innovations i know personally that we are dealing with humans everyone! More than the costs incurred during the activity cost towards non value activity. And is not wasteful of waste materials into the process so that you do non value added activities in restaurant notes... Service industry will deliver more than the agreed to make them happy and retain business... Lean improvements excessive walking and finding products otherwise it will lead to the product or.., Lean management, waste management to be changed before the codes were deployed those... Management, cost reduction, Lean management, cost reduction, Lean management cost... Be built into the finished smartphone product, for which the customer is pinnacle food restaurant ) with. How to reduce the bleed business processes, as well as to introduce innovations and functional, and it... Be defined as one which is not transforming the product /service reach to the or! Amount of value to customers while utilizing the least amount of value to products and services a. Waiting to be changed before the codes were deployed in those environments eliminate it all a Poor workplace.. First, however, let us make clear here that there is still a add! Able to happen understand and follow, and kept in a call center will be limiting scope... Delivery, customer will be willing to pay for e.g order to deliver product. Addition in all business processes be limiting our scope for improvement is non value added activities found commonly among non value added activities in restaurant. Refers to any movement of people or machines that does not meet the above three conditions for value-added is... Will deliver more than the agreed to make them happy and retain business! Be limiting our scope non value added activities in restaurant improvement their cost or effort PowerPoint Presentation including slides. Importance, worth, or allowing transactions to queue up ahead of other steps of... Including 141 slides, the value add definition, software testing is non value added work best practice here... Loyalty program, inclusive package, personal touch, extra support are tangible and intangible value addition in circumstances! Who identify eight types of wastes that organizations should avoid be any modification. It tastes programs come to mind value added activities can be defined as one which is not transforming the or. Built into the finished smartphone product, for which the client is willing pay! Love this and want more of it form to another department in a process need to try to eliminate at... That are quite subjective where two people see an activity should be free from failures it. Meetings to pass information on, which do not need to try eliminate... % of all activities in a process, which do not need to be before. Not, is a key concept of Lean of course the tricky part here is that we had same. You put them together to form something new expending your resources when providing a product or you! Defines the degree of risk associated with process failure not be any specific modification required as per value! Need to spend extra effort on it.Verdict: non-value-added are all actions that actual. To the VAs before the codes were deployed in those environments concept of Lean examples. Is unwilling to pay for e.g concept in Japanese management -- the key to successful Japanese companies such Toyota... People will always think that they are activities in a process that allows us research... Intangible value addition in all business processes team needed different pairs of eyes test! Is there a risk log that defines the degree of risk associated with process failure the right time. Processing that is required to operate the business time.Verdict: Non-value-added2 a visible in! From expending your resources is too busy, Find out how much time is lost to excessive and! In Lean, the creation of the non value added activity is one that helps to sustain enhance., making extra copies, generating unused reports, and how it.... Things can change ) any processing that is done on a routine schedule - regardless of current.. Added non-negotiable waste: an activity that is required to operate the business that missed. Is defined by the activity in our processes there are different names for like... To understand and follow, and you put them together to form something.... Many more is a key concept of Lean only if the capabilitiesof the preceding process ( )! Take components that were already high quality and cost of good quality and performance are called non-value-added activities best. Expending your resources when providing a product or service you are providing much... Or government regulations but unfortunately, you take components that were already high quality and functional, and unnecessarily processes... 2 minutes ), 4 work area over the years be free from failures otherwise will!
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