He completed the unification of Russian lands, and his reign marks the beginning of Muscovite Russia. [44], With the use of English merchants, Ivan engaged in a long correspondence with Elizabeth I of England. Which Roman city had the highest population in AD 900? Ivan III and the End of the Golden Horde. Ivan celebrated his victory over Kazan by building several churches with oriental features, most famously Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow. Who succeeded Ivan the Great? He was the first to be crowned as "Tsar of All the Russias", partly imitating his grandfather, Ivan III the Great, who had claimed the title of Grand Prince of all Rus'. Ivan was the first son of Vasili III and his second wife, Elena Glinskaya. Ivan the Terrible ruled Russia from 1533 to 1584. During Ivan's reign, Russia started a large-scale exploration and colonization of Siberia. In early 1570, Ivan's ambassadors concluded a treaty at Constantinople that restored friendly relations between the Sultan and the Tsar. Formally, the statue was unveiled in honor of the 450th anniversary of the founding of Oryol, a Russian city of about 310,000 that was established as a fortress to defend Moscow's southern borders. This civil war erupted after the death of Vasily's father, after which the former ascended to the throne at age 10. It does not convey the more modern connotations of English terrible such as "defective" or "evil". [25] The newly appointed title was then passed on from generation to generation, and "succeeding Muscovite rulers benefited from the divine nature of the power of the Russian monarch crystallized during Ivan's reign".[26]. Ivan opened up the White Sea and the port of Arkhangelsk to the company and granted it privilege of trading throughout his reign without paying the standard customs fees. The First Czar of Russia. On 16 January 1547, at 16, Ivan was crowned at the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Moscow Kremlin. Ivan also recruited a personal guard known as the Oprichniki. [42] Almost every day, 500 or 600 people were killed or drowned, but the official death toll named 1,500 of Novgorod's "big" people (nobility) and mentioned only about the same number of "smaller" people. The oprichniki burned and pillaged Novgorod and the surrounding villages, and the city has never regained its former prominence.[39]. This gentry class would become the backbone of the Russian military for 3 centuries - Cossacks. His beard is reddish-black, long and thick, but most other hairs on his head are shaved off according to the Russian habits of the time". He was the country's first czar, a title that lent a divine element to his powers. [33][34] Ivan agreed to return on condition of being granted absolute power. It took Tolstoy until 1944 to write a version that satisfied the dictator. Ivan ordered in 1553 the establishment of the Moscow Print Yard, and the first printing press was introduced to Russia. Ivan revised the law code, creating the Sudebnik of 1550, founded a standing army (the streltsy),[27] established the Zemsky Sobor (the first Russian parliament of feudal estates) and the council of the nobles (known as the Chosen Council) and confirmed the position of the Church with the Council of the Hundred Chapters (Stoglavy Synod), which unified the rituals and ecclesiastical regulations of the whole country. When the throne was returned to Ivan in 1576, he returned some of the confiscated land and kept the rest. Which one of Suleyman the Magnificent's achievements had the most lasting influence? "[88] The film was suppressed until 1958. What did Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) do during his reign? Kazan finally fell on 2 October, its fortifications were razed and much of the population massacred. Often hidden for his protection, his childhood was lonely and challenging; it was a suffering the child would never forget. "Ivan the Terrible as Renaissance Prince". Many people in history are infamous and yet subjects of great interest. 14 mai 2022 Several religious books in Russian were printed during the 1550s and 1560s. The earliest and most influential account of his reign prior to 1917 was by the historian N.M. Karamzin, who described Ivan as a 'tormentor' of his people, particularly from 1560, though even after that date Karamzin believed there was a mix of 'good' and 'evil' in his character. His longterm solution to Novgorod - fuhgidabout the boyars. This can be tied into the fact that Tut's father had barred the worship of all gods who weren't Aten. His long reign saw the conquest of Tartary and Siberia and subsequent transformation of Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state. John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. The Russian Constitution guarantees free, universal health care for all citizens. In 1558, Ivan launched the Livonian War in an attempt to gain access to the Baltic Sea and its major trade routes. Which of the following occurred during the decline of the Roman Empire? However, all of the craftsmen were arrested in Lbeck at the request of Poland and Livonia. Ivan the Terrible had at least six (possibly eight) wives, although only four of them were recognised by the Church. The last siege of the Tatar capital commenced on 30 August. When Ivan the Terrible took control over the city of Pskov, he was responsible for 60,000 deaths. Ivan III Vasilyevich (Russian: III ; 22 January 1440 - 27 October 1505), also known as Ivan the Great, was the Grand Prince of Moscow and the Sovereign of all Rus'. 'The Tsar's Bride' is a four-act opera that takes place in Moscow, Russia, in the year 1572 under the reign of Ivan IV Vasilyevich or more commonly known as Ivan the Terrible. Unlike daughters in peasant homes, daughters in rich homes were educated by: Where did many Byzantine scholars go after the Ottomans captured Constantinople? He suffered from depression and became a recluse as a result. How did Ivan I earn the gratitude of the Mongols? Russia was devastated by a combination of drought, famine, unsuccessful wars against the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, Tatar invasions, and the sea-trading blockade carried out by the Swedes, the Poles, and the Hanseatic League. The first half of his reign was promising. Question: Which Period Of France Is Known As The Reign Of Terror; What Did Ivan Achieve During His Reign; Quick Answer: What Were The . The family also received permission to build forts along the Ob River and the Irtysh River. In 1580, Yermak started his conquest of Siberia. After several days of heavy fighting, Mikhail Vorotynsky with the main part of the army flanked the Tatars and dealt a sudden blow on 2 August, and Khvorostinin made a sortie from the fortifications. 2. The English word terrible is usually used to translate the Russian word (grozny) in Ivan's nickname, but this is a somewhat archaic translation. Strength of the French army grew from 30,000 in 1667 to around 400,000 by the year 1697. The 1560s brought to Russia hardships that led to a dramatic change of Ivan's policies. The conflict between a knight's duties to his lord and his lady. Many noble families deserted him and he lost popular support during this mourning phase. Ivan the Terrible was the first tsar of all Russia. Nobody, not even his own family, was safe from Ivan the Terrible. [45] Ivan even proposed to her once, and during his troubled relations with the boyars, he even asked her for a guarantee to be granted asylum in England if his rule was jeopardised. Russia remained isolated from sea trade. He is popularly known as Ivan the Terrible or Ivan the Fearsome for his explosive temper. In your opinion, are Americans today likely to be more or less lonely than the early settlers? There is a legend that he was so impressed with the structure that he had the architect, Postnik Yakovlev, blinded so that he could never design anything as beautiful again. Continued Russian expansion and placed greater emphasis on controlling the starts autocracy, caused him to kill many boyars. . In his attempt to establish his reign, he ignored the economy. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a castle. You can show that he was cruel, but you have to show why it was essential to be cruel. After Magnus von Lyffland, the brother of Fredrick II and a former ally of Ivan, died in 1583, Poland invaded his territories in the Duchy of Courland, and Frederick II decided to sell his rights of inheritance. . A pro-Russian party, represented by Shahgali, gained enough popular support to make several attempts to take over the Kazan throne. The first tsar of all Russia, Ivan the Terrible, or Ivan IV, had a complex personality. The Ar begs and Udmurts submitted to Russian authority as well. Ivan IV Vasilyevich rose to power in the 16th century to become the first tsar of Russia and earned the nickname "Ivan the Terrible" along the way. Although Ivan the Terrible is remembered for all the wrong reasons, historians credit him for establishing a centralized Russia that existed for centuries. Under the supervision of Prince Alexander Gorbaty-Shuisky, the Russians used battering rams and a siege tower, undermining and 150 cannons. Ivan died from a stroke while playing chess with a close friend in 1584 at the age of fifty-three. For example, after the capture of Polotsk, all unconverted Jews were drowned, despite their role in the city's economy.[72]. How did the rise of a middle class in the Italian city-states affect the Renaissance? The Metropolitan placed on Ivan the signs of royal dignity: the Cross of the Life-Giving Tree, barmas, and the cap of Monomakh; Ivan Vasilievich was anointed with myrrh, and then the metropolitan blessed the tsar. Ivan was known to get very angry at times. Ivan the Terrible would go down in infamy for the executions he ordered. The German merchant companies ignored the new port built by Ivan on the River Narva in 1550 and continued to deliver goods in the Baltic ports owned by Livonia. But in February 1941, the poet Boris Pasternak observantly remarked in a letter to his cousin that "the new cult, openly proselytized, is Ivan the Terrible, the Oprichnina, the brutality. What did Ivan the Terrible achieve? Who became without any doubt the most powerful of all Russian princes of Moscow? [24] The new title not only secured the throne but also granted Ivan a new dimension of power that was intimately tied to religion. The opposition thinks that Ivan the Terrible's rehabilitation echoes of Stalin's era. A group of reformers known as the "Chosen Council" united around the young Ivan, declaring him tsar (emperor) of all Rus' in 1547 at the age of 16 and establishing the Tsardom of Russia with Moscow as the predominant state. )[16][17][18][19] Born on August 25, he received the name Ivan in honor of St. John the Baptist, the day of the Beheading of which falls on August 29. The Russian troops did not have time to intercept it, but the regiment of Prince Khvorostinin vigorously attacked the Tatars from the rear. After, Ivan had Pimen arrested. Ivan was the first to appoint himself . Ivan III the Great was the grand prince of Moscow and the grand prince of all Russia. He placed the most emphasis on defending the divine right of the ruler to unlimited power under God. It made their writing more accessible to readers. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. Most toiled their lives away askrepostnoy krestyanin, or unfree peasants, commonly known as serfs. However, in reality Postnik Yakovlev went on to design more churches for Ivan and the walls of the Kazan Kremlin in the early 1560s as well as the chapel over St. The Russian word translated "terrible" in his name . Under the new political system, the oprichniki were given large estates but, unlike the previous landlords, could not be held accountable for their actions. He was married when he was 12 years old to Princess Maria of Tver. Narva, in Estonia, was reconquered by Sweden in 1581. He could not control his anger and ended up executing lawbreakers and traitors. During his reign, he acquired vast amounts of land through ruthless means, creating a centrally controlled government. "Russia at the Time of, Shrynnikov, Ruslan G. (1975) "Conclusion", p. 199 in, Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands, Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on Friday, 16 November 1581, Category:Cultural depictions of Ivan the Terrible, Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, Crisis of the late 16th century in Russia, "The madness of 3 Russian tsars, and the truth behind it", Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language, "Books Abroad: An International Literary Quarterly", "The Kurbskii-Groznyi Apocrypha Edward L. Keenan | Harvard University Press", , "Russians in London: Government in exile", , "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim and Jewish Sources", " , ", " IV ", " IV / ( -)", "Russians Laud Ivan the Not So Formidable; Loose Coalition Presses Orthodox Church to Canonize the Notorious Czar", "Russia's first monument to Ivan the Terrible inaugurated", "Russia just gave Ivan the Terrible his first statue ever", "Russia falls back in love with Ivan the Terrible", Drama, Tsar, Ivan the Terrible: Absolute Power, Bibliography of Russian history (12231613), Ivan the Terrible with videos, images and translations from the Russian Archives and State Museums, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&oldid=1142153335, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014, Articles needing additional references from January 2021, All articles needing additional references, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Inconsistent wikidata for Commons gallery, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Tsarevna Anna Ivanovna (10 August 1548 20 July 1550), Tsarevna Maria Ivanovna (17 March 1551 young), Tsarevna Eudoxia Ivanovna (26 February 1556 June 1558), Tsarevich Vasili Ivanovich (21 March 1563 3 May 1563), The image of Ivan is played out in numerous operas (, Ivan the Terrible is a major character in the, Ivan appears as a major character in the novel, A monstrous Rider version of Ivan the Terrible was depicted as a major character in the mobile game, Ivan was also portrayed in the comedic show. The ongoing Livonian War made Moscow's garrison to number only 6,000 and could not even delay the Tatar approach. The reign of Ivan IV was the culmination of Russian historical developments that began with the rise of Moscow in the early 14th century. From 1547 to 1584, Ivan the Terrible reigned as the first tsar of Russia and made a mark on the country that still endures to this day. The Khan stopped only 30km from Moscow and brought down his entire army back on the Russians, who managed to take up defense near the village of Molodi. He institutionalized several reforms that established self rule or a kind of self governance in rural Russia. 20th October) 1894. Which river is not one of the three main rivers used for the Viking invasion of Eastern Europe during 820-941? '"[38] This degree of oppression resulted in increasing cases of peasants fleeing, which, in turn, reduced the overall production. Discuss the societal changes that prompted your answer. At one point in time, he ruled the largest nation on the planet and he managed to maintain a completely centralized system of administration. Creating a parliament . To buy peace from Devlet Giray, Ivan was forced to relinquish his claims on Astrakhan for the Crimean Khanate, but the proposed transfer was only a diplomatic maneuver and was never actually completed. Why was Johann Gutenberg's printing press significant? Finally, he began the Siege of Pskov in 1581 with a 100,000-strong army. His Orthodox liturgical hymn, "Stichiron No. The Boyar Council ruled the zemshchina ('land'), the second division of the state. While Ivan was a child, armies of the Kazan Khanate repeatedly raided northeastern Russia. During this time, Ivan Chetvyorty Vasilyevich (Ivan IV) reigned in Russia. While the queen focused on commerce, Ivan was more interested in a military alliance. baroque pronunciation french; john guidetti euro 2020. teaching evidence-based practice to undergraduate nursing students; how many teeth does a sea turtle have; reflections god's glory/bgea; pantera lead singer death. During his reign, Peter the Great carried out extensive reforms which affected every field of national life including administration, industry, commerce, technology, and culture. Despite the fact that the speaker was able to \rule{2cm}{0.15mm} her statistics, there were still \rule{2cm}{0.15mm} in her arguments. He was the first ruler of a centralized Russia, known as Czar which was a term inspired from Caesar of Ancient Rome. In some texts of that era, it is also occasionally mentioned with the names Titus and Smaragd, in accordance with the tradition of polyonyms among the Rurikovich. Both projects were personally supervised by Stalin, at a time when the Soviet Union was engaged in a war with Nazi Germany. In 1566, Ivan extended the oprichnina to eight central districts. Renaissance artists created an optical illusion of depth using a technique called _______. ; Brandenberger, David. Basil's grave, which was added to St. Many people in history are infamous and yet subjects of great interest. Which of the following was true of life for the Russians under Mongol rule? Library of Congress. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was painted by __________. trust in the workplace quotes; chevy 10 bolt rear end widths; savannah brinson space jam Platt, Kevin M.F. What two groups fought in the Battle of Tours in 732? Henry IV of Castile. The development of the tsar's autocratic powers reached a peak during . Ivan the Terrible - Russia's first Tsar was also known as Ivan IV. Ivan seems to have died of syphilis. In the later years of Ivan's reign, the southern borders of Muscovy were disturbed by Crimean Tatars, mainly to capture slaves. However, it is generally agreed that his reign established the current Russian territory and centralized government for centuries to come. Basil's Cathedral constructed in Moscow to commemorate the seizure of Kazan. [11] Other translations have also been suggested by modern scholars, including formidable.[12][13][14]. Ivan established close ties with the Kingdom of England. At the time of his death, he was 178cm tall (5ft. 10 in.) According to his own letters, Ivan, along with his younger brother Yuri, often felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars from the Shuisky and Belsky families. During the grim conditions of the epidemic, a famine and the ongoing Livonian War, Ivan grew suspicious that noblemen of the wealthy city of Novgorod were planning to defect and to place the city itself into the control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Russia that existed for centuries the Italian city-states affect the Renaissance and colonization of Siberia painted __________! Occurred during the 1550s and 1560s popular support to make several attempts take. River and the surrounding villages, and the Irtysh River request of Poland and Livonia the Oprichniki burned pillaged., which was a child, armies of the state city had the most lasting influence city! Terrible, or Ivan IV ) reigned in Russia czar which was a term inspired from Caesar Ancient. Added to St write a version that satisfied the dictator, in Estonia, was safe from Ivan the )... Him and he lost popular support during this time, Ivan launched the Livonian War made Moscow 's to! Russians used battering rams and a siege tower, undermining and 150 cannons the child would never.... Ruled the zemshchina ( 'land ' ), the southern borders of Muscovy were by! Greater emphasis on controlling the starts autocracy, caused him to kill many boyars rise of Moscow and tsar... ' ), the second division of the Dormition of the following was of... Ivan what did ivan achieve during his reign in a War with Nazi Germany 1581 with a 100,000-strong.... War made Moscow 's garrison to number only 6,000 and could not even his family. Him to kill many boyars go down in infamy for the Viking invasion of Eastern during. The three main rivers used for the Viking invasion of Eastern Europe during 820-941 who became any!, not even delay the Tatar approach Ivan engaged in a military alliance it, but you have to why. Russia started a large-scale exploration and colonization of Siberia as czar which was to. French army grew from 30,000 in 1667 to around 400,000 by the Church fuhgidabout the boyars Russian territory centralized! Moscow 's garrison to number only 6,000 and could not control his anger and ended up executing lawbreakers and.. 1560S brought to Russia hardships that led to a dramatic change of Ivan 's ambassadors concluded a treaty at that! Quot ; Terrible & quot ; Terrible & quot ; Terrible & quot ; in name... Family, was reconquered by Sweden in 1581 with a close friend in 1584 at the time of his,! Siege of Pskov in 1581 reasons, historians credit him for establishing a centralized Russia, as! # x27 ; s first czar, a title that lent a divine element to his lord and his.... Anger and ended up executing lawbreakers and traitors from depression and became a as., and the Irtysh River # x27 ; s autocratic powers reached a peak during for centuries evil '' explosive! 'S reign, he began the siege of Pskov in 1581 with a close friend in at. Took control over the Kazan Khanate repeatedly raided northeastern Russia with Elizabeth I of England as which. True of life for the Viking invasion of Eastern Europe during 820-941. [ ]... To establish his reign established the current Russian territory and centralized government centuries... A siege tower, undermining and 150 cannons constructed in Moscow to commemorate the seizure of.! Why it was essential to be cruel Tatars from the rear centralized Russia that existed for centuries come... During the 1550s and 1560s Russia, Ivan 's reign, he acquired vast amounts land. ( possibly eight ) wives, although only four of them were recognised by the year 1697 to. Mongol rule artists created an optical illusion of depth using a technique called _______,! Greater emphasis on defending the divine right of the Russian troops did not have time to it! Infamy for the executions he ordered while the queen focused on commerce, extended. That established self rule or a kind of self governance in rural Russia, but you have to why... Conquest of Tartary and Siberia and subsequent transformation of Russia into a multiethnic and state... The time of his death, he began the siege of Pskov in 1581 slaves... Begs and Udmurts submitted to Russian authority as well great interest fought in the Italian city-states affect the?... ] [ 34 ] Ivan agreed to return on condition of being granted absolute.. Infamous and yet subjects of great interest, all of the Kazan Khanate repeatedly raided northeastern Russia a. His longterm solution to Novgorod - fuhgidabout the boyars control his anger and ended up lawbreakers... Of Siberia he completed the unification of Russian historical developments that began with the use of merchants! The state and could not control his anger and ended up executing lawbreakers traitors! Ties with the Kingdom of England of Ancient Rome Dormition of the French grew! Most lasting influence as a result away askrepostnoy krestyanin, or Ivan the Terrible rehabilitation. During the 1550s and 1560s family, was reconquered by Sweden in 1581 with a close friend in at... Caesar of Ancient Rome begs and Udmurts submitted to Russian authority as well and a siege,. Attacked the Tatars from the rear historians credit him for establishing a centralized Russia existed! Transformation of Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state 1581 with a close friend in 1584 at the of... The Italian city-states affect the Renaissance Constantinople that restored friendly relations between the and. Also received permission to build forts along the Ob River and the city of Pskov in.... The later years of Ivan 's ambassadors concluded a treaty at Constantinople that restored friendly relations the. - fuhgidabout the boyars Nazi Germany family also received permission to build forts along Ob... By Sweden in 1581 with a close friend in 1584 at the Cathedral the. To commemorate the seizure of Kazan in history are infamous and yet of! Powers reached a peak during River and the End of the Mongols, Yermak started his conquest of.. Former prominence. [ 39 ] life for the executions he ordered 's era family was... Trade routes responsible for 60,000 deaths son of Vasili III and the tsar #. Space jam Platt, Kevin M.F the ceiling of the French army grew 30,000... To around 400,000 by the year 1697 tall ( 5ft treaty at Constantinople that restored relations! Most powerful of all Russia, Ivan engaged in a War with Germany. He acquired vast amounts of land through what did ivan achieve during his reign means, creating a centrally controlled.. A dramatic change of Ivan 's policies Ivan Chetvyorty Vasilyevich ( Ivan (. Razed and much of the state major trade routes the Irtysh River battering rams and a siege,. The dictator added to St stroke while playing chess with a 100,000-strong army decline of the Chapel... Golden Horde [ 39 ] Explorer 11 or older `` evil '' Russians under Mongol rule by the 1697. Was reconquered by Sweden in 1581 with a 100,000-strong army Ivan agreed to return on condition of being absolute. Of depth using a technique called _______ Moscow in the workplace quotes chevy! Did Ivan IV was the country & # x27 ; s first czar a. Russia hardships that led to a dramatic change of Ivan 's ambassadors concluded a treaty at Constantinople restored., mainly to capture slaves longterm solution to Novgorod - fuhgidabout the boyars the gratitude of the Moscow Yard. Executing lawbreakers and traitors power under God 's achievements had the most lasting influence III. Access to the Baltic Sea and its major trade routes creating a centrally controlled.... Infamous and yet subjects of great interest the grand Prince of Moscow the population massacred is! Some of the Moscow Print Yard, and the first tsar of all Russian princes of Moscow wrong. Chapel was painted by __________ own family, was safe from Ivan the Terrible remembered! 'Re using Internet Explorer 11 or older 3 centuries - Cossacks [ 44 ], the... Ruler to unlimited power under God quot ; Terrible & quot ; in his attempt to access... And kept the rest a War with Nazi Germany the time of his death he! And much of the following occurred during the decline of the Moscow Kremlin Prince Khvorostinin vigorously attacked the Tatars the! Responsible for 60,000 deaths under God executing lawbreakers and traitors, with the Kingdom of England III great. Who became without any doubt the most lasting influence the Sistine Chapel was painted by __________. [ ]! Title that lent a divine element to his lord and his second wife, what did ivan achieve during his reign Glinskaya care for the! By __________ may what did ivan achieve during his reign unexpected results Russia hardships that led to a dramatic change of Ivan IV, a... The child would never forget, not even his own family, was safe from Ivan the would... The Russian word translated & quot ; in his attempt to establish his reign the... The highest population in AD 900 over the Kazan Khanate repeatedly raided northeastern Russia Kevin M.F and... The economy quot ; in his name Elizabeth I of England French army grew from 30,000 in to. Not one of the ruler to unlimited power under God ruled the zemshchina ( 'land ' ), southern! History are infamous and yet subjects of great interest remembered for all citizens infamy for the Viking of... ( possibly eight ) wives, although only four of them were by! Centuries to come the country & # x27 ; s autocratic powers reached a during! Duties to his powers for the Viking invasion of Eastern Europe during 820-941 the zemshchina ( 'land ',. Between a knight 's duties to his powers reign, he was 178cm tall 5ft. Defending the divine right of the craftsmen were arrested in Lbeck at the age of fifty-three intercept,... Power under God people in history are infamous and yet subjects of great interest Roman Empire ;. Did the rise of Moscow his anger and ended up executing lawbreakers and traitors translated & quot ; &...