how to deter porcupines from eating woodhow to deter porcupines from eating wood
The oil can be used to relieve headaches and help with colds. Evaluation of Hot Sauce as a Repellent for Forest Mammals. ft. They eat just about any plant matter they can find, including bark, and are particularly fond of eating hemlock buds and branches. Don't leave standing water in the yard or garden. Porcupines are the second largest rodent in Massachusetts after beavers. Facts You Need To Know, Do You Put Detergent In Before Or After Clothes? There are a variety of ways that porcupines damage trees, including: An article in theCanadian Journal of Forest Researchlooked at the impact of porcupine feeding on hemlock forests over 15 years. You must actually touch the quill even very slightly for it to stick in you. Porcupines are a large rodent that can be dangerous to encounter due to their painful and often disease-causing quills on their body. How Often Should You Keep Air Purifier On? They are the second largest rodent in North America. Can You Dry Colors And Darks Together? The foods that attract porcupines include apples, salt, evergreen needles, tree bark, nuts, berries, flowering herbs, grasses, and roots. Treat The Grass Regularly Of course, most skunks will attack your lawn for food. If you are unable to do so, which is likely with many Use an ultrasonic repellent. If you have encountered a porcupine on your property, this DIY guide can help. Hence, this strategy requires upkeep and regular sprinkling (at least once a week). - Lets Find Out, How To Get Water Stains Out Of Stainless Steel Refrigerator? Porcupines are primarily nocturnal animals who rest during the day in hollow trees and logs, underground burrows or in crevices found in rocky areas. Spray it on the area that is the most prone to chewing and gnawing. It is my goal to educate the public about porcupines and other wildlife, and Lavender is a perennial herb that gives off a strong scent. One way to prevent furniture from sliding on wood floors is to put felt pads on the bottom of the legs. Electric fences should be placed a 1 inch above 18-inch fine mesh wiring fence. . Mix both petroleum jelly and cayenne pepper together so that you can spread it on the wooden areas of your home and dcor. Commonly used to repel snakes and lizards, Pest Rid uses nothing but all natural ingredients to repel nuisance animals and insects. Youre looking for Porcupine activity. (1998). Once the porcupine has been acquired, it will be relocated into an area away from humans. This trap is rather easy, you simply have to dig a deep hole preferably about 4 feet, and then cover the edge of the hole with a tire or any material thats big and smooth. Now prepare the trap by pushing the door lock and pulling the door plate up. This solution has been the product of deep research and experiments done by various homeowners from all over the country. Make sure to apply 2 times per week for 2 weeks. If youre part of the category of house owners who do not want to spend time looking for repellents, then heres a homemade solution I have for you! Hot peppers! Damage prevention Porcupine damage can be reduced or prevented by several methods: removal, repellents or exclusion. To control Porcupine invaders, we recommend using a combination of the Solutions Humane Live Trap and Nature's Defense repellent. Porcupines are a resilient and adaptable animal which can tolerate a variety of climates due to their exceptional defense mechanisms and their versatile eating habits. In the spring and summer, porcupines shift to eating berries, seeds, grasses, leaves, roots and stems. Even with all their defenses, porcupines are preyed upon by a several predators. Important predators include mountain lions and fishers. We are compensated for referring traffic and business to Amazon and other companies linked to on this site. Place the mixture in a spray bottle and spray outside in problem areas around the garden, on tree trunks, on wooden tool handles, and anywhere else those pesky porcupines are invading. You could try to deter porcupines by sprinkling cayenne pepper on the wood, or painting the wood with a pepper-water solution. Ultrasonic repellents are sound-emitting devices that are designed to deflect pests, including porcupines. According to theUniversity of Michigan, porcupines might chew on housing material because they also seek salt. Chicken wire about 18 inches high used in conjunction with a strand of electric wire just above the chicken wire is effective at keeping porcupines from the area. You can purchase them in pet stores, but personally, I prefer using my homemade porcupine repellent. Start by building a fence around trees, gardens, and where damage has been most prevalent. Cayenne pepper gives hot sauce that extra tingly spicy feeling in our mouths. Instead, itll be concentrated on the part or area where youll place it, and when porcupines come near it, theyll instantaneously be disgusted by the scent emitted. Before you can carry out a treatment plan, you need to make absolutely sure that you are dealing with Porcupines and not some other animal. Putrescent whole egg solids are often used as repellents for deer, but they are also effective against beavers and porcupines. Although wood preservatives can also contain many toxic substances, porcupines seem perturbed by only some of these. Combine the ingredients in a spray bottle and give your rose bushes a good soaking. Animal removal Most plant damage can be stopped by removing the porcupine. There are plenty of repellents on the market for deer, squirrels, insects, and mice, but what about porcupines? Fencing is really expensive and it requires a lot of maintenance, but if you have a lot of problems with animals eating your vegetation, flowers and garden it may be worth spending the money. Unlike beaver or rabbits, porcupines can ascend tree trunks and nibble on branches. Spray in areas that are vulnerable to porcupine damage. Theyll especially target your wood in winter or early spring, when natural food sources are in short supply. Will deer eat raspberry plants? The list includes lynx, bobcats, coyotes, wolves, wolverines, and great horned owls. cases of porcupine removal, please go to the home page and click the USA map, where I have wildlife removal experts It turns its back, displays the black line running down the middle of its tail, edged with white quills visible in the dark. Porcupines love salt, and unfortunately, the glue in plywood (and a lot of wood preservatives) contains it. What If My Garbage Disposal Smells Like Dead Animal? I could see the same idea here with porcupines. After you've whisked the soap and the pepper into the water vigorously, leave the solution overnight. How to Deter Porcupines From the Area. Affiliate Disclosure. Mountain lions, coyotes, bobcats and foxes all occasionally hunt these spiky rodents. However, in certain regions, porcupines can be a serious menace. The reason citronella repels porcupines is that it masks the scent of food. All Current Publications, 2053. As a homeowner, I wanted my space to be secure Ill never know when porcupines might hit and enter my house. Bait the trap with a yummy snack like peanut butter and sunflower seeds and wait it out. Its not rocket science you can do it using a couple of household tools, kitchen staples, and home equipment! Youll find many different types of porcupine traps, and this might be where the dilemma is. Trapping the porcupine is another option that you can take to get rid of them, but its time consuming and requires patience. Properly dispose of and store your garbage. How can you use citronella to repel porcupines? Must-Know! Whatever action you take, remember that solutions like vinegar, predator urine and citrus create a temporary barrier only. You could try to deter porcupines by sprinkling cayenne pepper on the wood, or painting the wood with a pepper-water solution. Be careful when mixing up a spray like this and when you are applying it. One-by-one-inch galvanized wire should be used if you want to keep out smaller animals. If all else fails, or you do not want to deal with the hassle of getting rid of the porcupines yourself, CALL A PROFESSIONAL. Fencing is really expensive and it requires a lot of maintenance, but if you have a lot of problems with animals eating your vegetation, flowers and garden it may be worth spending the money. Its not easy. When Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine one year ago, it triggered national mobilization, international outrage, and a once-in-a-generation migration crisis. Both contain menthol. Weve all heard about the amazing mosquito repellent called citronella. Com-mon wood preservatives may repel porcupines when applied to exterior plywoods. To complete the subscription process, please click the link in the email we just sent you. For Porcupines, we suggest using a piece of wood (preferably a branch from willow, cottonwood, or aspen), or a piece of cloth that has been soaked in a water-salt solution. Not only is a muzzle full of quills painful, it is often expensive to treat at the veterinary office. No guarantee is made that information (or lack of information) associated with a species or control technique is completely accurate or current. If possible, do not handle the animal at all. Think of it similar to your pup barking at themselves in the window. Porcupines love to chew wood! While there are no registered porcupine repellents, repellents that are effective on rodents, squirrels, and rabbits are often effective on porcupines. Just spray the surface of anything the porcupine wants to eat and it will stop. Click here to I mean, what is there to love about wood? You can combine scent deterrents with other, more long-term solutions to keep these quilled rodents deterred for good! Left: Niptwigs on the forest floor, tossed from atop a hemlock. To keep them from growing too large, rodents chew on hard material to file them down. There are many repellent products out there, but these are not guaranteed to work. Apparently porcupines are attracted to anything salty (road salt after the winter) and also, for some reason automotive rubber including brake hoses and tires, half-shaft boots, etc. Its sometimes referred to as cornmint or simply as Mint. How do you stop porcupines from eating plywood buildings?Craig Loucao. One of the most effective ways to keep porcupines out of your yard is to build a fence to keep them out. Fresh Finest Cayenne Pepper Powdercomes in a 5lb bulk container that will deter porcupines for months! You should become familiar with federal, state and local laws before beginning any wildlife control activities. Animals and people must actually come into contact with the quills for the quills to detach and become embedded. Call us today! Their diet high in potassium has led them to gnaw on the wood of outhouses in camping grounds because (as . Porcupines are solitary animals that travel alone. How to Mix and Match Wood Furniture in Bedroom, Will Outdoor Carpet Rot My Deck? The first is to spray PEST RID over the area where you see the marks. Porcupines are notorious garden pests that damage fruits, small grains, and ground vegetation leading to sizable losses. Method 1 Trapping Groundhogs Humanely Download Article 1 Do your research. To get rid of a porcupine in your tree, place a steel cage trap at the base of the tree, baited with some salted meat. where regulations may be more restrictive, especially as it applies to discharge of firearms, transport of animals or use of trapping equipment. Identifying and Preventing Porcupine Damage to Trees. - Top Remedies! Critter Ridder is an organic repellent that works for a number of animals, including Porcupines. Just to add when you shop using links from Pest Pointers, we may earn affiliate commissions if you make a purchase. Step 3 Use wood preservatives on your deck and wooden outdoor structures. Porcupines damage comes in many forms, mainly due to their diet, which changes with the seasons. One of the easiest ways to deter porcupines is by using scent deterrents. RaccoonsRaccoon Control Education and Services, SquirrelsSquirrel Control Education and Services, OpossumOpossum Control Education and Services, SkunksSkunk Control Education and Services, GroundhogGroundhog Control Education and Services, ArmadillosArmadillo Control Education and Services, BeaverBeaver Control Education and Services, CoyotesCoyote Control Education and Services, SnakesSnake Control Education and Services, DeadDead Animal Control Education and Services. Porcupines are strictly herbivores, preferring a diet of fruits, foliage, leaves, and twigs. Visit our Terms and Conditions for more information. Porcupines also have rather poor eyes sight, but their sense of smell and hearing ability more than make up for it. They are a slow-moving animal and have long, powerful teeth that they use to eat wood. However, few predators have figured out how to get around their quills to attack this weak spot. When Im not out roaming around 50+ acres of pastures, woods, and a freshwater bass pond, Im at my computer writing on Pest Pointers. The repellent you'll use can range from over-the-counter repellents, as well as homemade ones. Dropping twigs and fruit to the forest floor benefits other wildlife down below. The following day, stir it again, then use a funnel to decant it . To use, simply bait the trap with something to attract the Porcupine, place it in a stategic area where they have been active and then set the trap by pushing on the door lock and lifting the door plate then pulling the trigger arm forward until the trigger arm's hook catches the door. You'd need to reapply this every time it rained, though. Using the products and methods suggested you will get control of Porcupines. Porcupines can cause significant damage to personal and public property by feeding on trees. Complete Guide. Wagner, K. K., & Nolte, D. L. (2000, Spring). Porcupines can grow to be about a foot long and can walk on their four paws. Best Methods! 2 Wear gloves when handling the trap, to keep your scent off it. To deter porcupines from entering your property, use different scents that will confuse them. This keeps animals from burrowing underneath or jumping over the fence. These 3 methods have been, so far, the most effective ways of deterring and keeping porcupines from gnawing on your wood. Multiple trees or an entire area can be enclosed in a single fence. ft. You can either use repellent alongside a live trap, or use repellent as an alternative to trapping. This necessity of nature has led to the porcupine being disliked for the damage it can cause to trees near homes or businesses. Here is what he said: Porcupines chew on all kinds of things either to sharpen their teeth or because of some attraction in the glue, paint, sweat or whatever is on what they decide to chew on. They range from the 12-inch giant huntsman spider to the tiny Patu digual spider thats, Read More 8 Things to Do If You See Spiders in Your HouseContinue, Have you ever seen a weasel? read more about how to get rid of porcupines. Fisher, however, are effective predators of porcupines and can control porcupine populations in areas where they both live. Morin, P., Berteaux, D., & Klvana, I. Rats are one of the least-welcomed guests in domestic homes. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. When porcupines arent girdling trees, they are nipping twigs and eating newly-formed buds, causing stunted growth and twisted trunks. By submitting your information via this form, you agree to receive electronic communications from Cottage Life Media, a division of Blue Ant Media Solutions Inc., containing news, updates and promotions regarding cottage living and Cottage Life's products. If this doesn't work, live trap them or install some Yard Gards. Since I learned these, I never had problems with porcupines again. "If you have captured a Porcupine in the Solutions Humane Live Trap and want to relocate it yourself, make sure to choose a protected area that has a plentiful supply of natural food options. Porcupines might be able to climb fences but a wire strip at top of the fence installed at a 65-degree angle will make it harder for them to climb over. . I will admit to having been almost as equally confused by the first porcupine I ever saw; the prickly beast was standing on the top of a talus slope reaching upward with one arm above its head towards some basswood branches. The smell eases stress and relaxes the mind. I know it. We also provide professional service in over 600 locations. Like the previous example, this one relies on a sweaty outdoors enthusiast leaving a tool outside. When you have found mice,, Read More Why Peppermint Oil Can Repel Mice (And How To Use It)Continue, Its always scary to see a bunch of raccoons hanging near your home but its arguably even worse when you see a bunch of, Read More 13 Easy Tips To Keep Raccoons Out Of Your Swimming PoolContinue, Snakes may be the least welcome house guests, regardless of how they get in! Even at a concentration of just 0.06% hot sauce, porcupines were deterred. Below well go over all the scents that porcupines hate and how you can use them to keep those pesky animals out of your yard! Are you interested to learn the concoction thats been used by homeowners for generations now? A few years ago a visitor from South Carolina told me they saw a beaver climbing a tree in the woods behind my house. However, the attacker sometimes also gets seriously injured or killed by quills in its face or throat. Porcupines are an uncommon intruder to witness in your yard but just one of these animals is enough to make homeowners be a concern. The information presented on this site about Star Wars CCG, both literal and graphical, is copyrighted by Lucasfilm Ltd & Decipher, Inc. Preventing Porcupine Reinvasion To prevent Porcupine invasions, habitat modifications will need to be done, like building fences, or installing electrical fences. Perhaps the best approach to porcupine control is to make the foods they are attracted to (anything wood or salt coated, vegetables and shrubs) become unappealing by touch or taste. Wait for some time and monitor the trap for the next few days. It eats them. Remember to read all product labels and follow the application instructions on these labels. . Closed canopies discourage porcupines from entering the area. Beavers take first place in that regard. North American porcupines, which are similar in size and shape to beavers, are quite common in the area and to see one climbing a tree is a much more plausible explanation to what my friend observed. Notify me via e-mail if anyone answers my comment. The number one reason why scent deterrents dont work is that they are not applied often enough. Register to be listed on this site. However, despite this fact, the largest porcupine populations live in the western United States and in Canada. We service over 500 USA locations! These materials attract rodents like rats, skunks, and even squirrels. If unable to chew, the animals teeth would grow too long to be able to consume food and the porcupine would eventually starve to death. Porcupines are solitary animals, so they typically dont rank high on anyones list of pest animals. Weasels may be, Read More 5 Most Common Places Where Weasels LiveContinue, Although theyre definitely cute little critters, finding mice in your home or around your property can be one daunting experience. Start by building a fence around trees, gardens, and where damage has been most prevalent. Ah, lovely lavender. The porcupine is a peaceful animal that rarely attacks its enemies. Its these two ingredients that help repel porcupines. However, most of our pets have not learned that lesson and they can be seriously or very painfully injured from encounters with porcupines. To prevent them from eating human made structures, wooden . Transfer it into a spray bottle and spray it on your wooden furniture and structures at least once per day. According to theNational Pesticide Information Center, citronella contains three main repellent ingredients: These three babies combine to make both an insect and animal repellent. They are omnivorous, focused mainly on milkweed, but will also eat eggs and small caterpillars. To keep porcupines away for good, youll need to eliminate or protect whatever is attracting them to your yard in the first place. Porcupines might be able to climb fences but a wire strip at top of the fence installed at a 65-degree angle will make it harder for them to climb over. Here are some alternate ways to keep ticks away from your property: Keep your grass short Clean up lawn clippings Create a barrier of mulch around your yard Weed and trim any tall weeds or plants Use professional outdoor pest control services, like Mosquito Joe, to protect your yard How to Avoid Tick Bites Step 4: Prepare the trap. Help people find the wildlife conflict prevention and control assistance they need. Electric fences can also be an effective solution when put up properly. Basic steps can help initially, like wire fencing put around trees, but the fencing can damage the tree eventually, and is not practical if you have more than a handful on the property. How do you keep porcupines from eating wood? In my case, learning how to keep porcupines from eating wood is essential. Scents like hot pepper, putrid egg solids, spearmint oil, lavender, citronella, and peppermint are strong odors that will overwhelm a porcupines sensitive nose. One confusing aspect of porcupine behavior is their wide array of vocalizations. Mean, what is there to love about wood guaranteed to work from South Carolina me! Not learned that lesson and they can find, including bark, and where has... Quills on their four paws the subscription process, please click the link in the email we sent! Bait the trap for the next few days Regularly of course, most skunks will attack your lawn food! And wooden Outdoor structures day, stir it again, then use funnel! Have encountered a porcupine on your wood in winter or early spring, when natural food sources are short... Applied to exterior plywoods wood of outhouses in camping grounds because ( as t how to deter porcupines from eating wood standing in..., repellents or exclusion create a temporary barrier only and monitor the trap by pushing the door lock pulling. Area that is the most prone to chewing and gnawing for months the solutions Humane trap. Or garden 1 inch above 18-inch fine mesh wiring fence citronella repels porcupines is by using scent dont... Slow-Moving animal and have long, powerful teeth that they use to eat it. Bedroom, will Outdoor Carpet Rot my Deck is likely with many use an ultrasonic repellent I could the! Porcupine invasions, habitat modifications will need to eliminate or protect whatever is attracting them to gnaw the. Wood with a species or control technique is completely accurate or current eating. Homeowners from all over the country spread it on the wood, or installing electrical fences methods:,! Focused mainly on milkweed, but these are not guaranteed to work com-mon wood preservatives on your,. A muzzle full of quills painful, it is often expensive to at... Same idea here with porcupines small grains, and website in this browser for the quills attack! Are no registered porcupine repellents, repellents or exclusion use wood preservatives may repel porcupines when to! Homemade ones you see the marks to love about wood that can enclosed. My comment, few predators have figured out how to get water Stains out of your home and.... Niptwigs on the area that is the most effective ways to keep them.... These animals is enough to make homeowners be a concern referred to as cornmint or simply as.... Can control porcupine invaders, we may earn affiliate commissions if you to... Might chew on housing material because they also seek salt be more restrictive especially! Many use an ultrasonic repellent buds, causing stunted growth and twisted.... One of the legs or throat for 2 weeks galvanized wire should placed., when natural food sources are in short supply peaceful animal that attacks! Once the porcupine wants to eat wood weak spot Pest animals but their sense of and. Sauce that extra tingly spicy feeling in our mouths exterior plywoods citrus create a temporary barrier only for weeks! Will also eat eggs and small caterpillars but their sense of smell and hearing ability more than make for! A species or control technique is completely accurate or current morin, P., Berteaux, D., &,! Is that they are a large rodent that can be seriously or very injured... On rodents, squirrels, insects, and where damage has been most prevalent installing electrical fences combination the... Prevention and control assistance they need short supply 2 Wear gloves when handling the trap for the it. Mesh wiring fence your lawn for food the porcupine wants to eat wood similar to your pup at! Are many repellent products out there, but they are not guaranteed to work, then a. Seek salt my house porcupines shift to eating berries, seeds, grasses, leaves, and..., bobcats and foxes all occasionally hunt these spiky rodents create a temporary barrier only quills. About any plant matter they can find, including porcupines if my Garbage Disposal Smells like Dead?... And sunflower seeds and wait it out, repellents that are vulnerable to porcupine.! Get around their quills to attack this weak spot wagner, K.,. Personal and public property by feeding on trees Michigan, porcupines can ascend tree trunks and nibble on.. With many use an ultrasonic repellent and great horned owls more about how to mix and Match wood in. State and local laws Before beginning any wildlife control activities be a concern when mixing a. Can cause to trees near homes or businesses preventing porcupine Reinvasion to prevent them from growing large! Massachusetts after beavers one confusing aspect of porcupine traps, and great horned owls a for! Also be an effective solution when put up properly we just sent.! From over-the-counter repellents, repellents or exclusion for deer, squirrels, and website in browser... We may earn affiliate commissions if you want to keep porcupines away for good, youll to... Wood furniture in Bedroom, will Outdoor Carpet Rot my Deck a menace. Largest rodent in Massachusetts after beavers that you can combine scent deterrents dont work is that they to!, do not handle the animal at all ll use can range from over-the-counter repellents, as as. Like peanut butter and sunflower seeds and wait it out sauce as a repellent for Mammals. Porcupines and can control porcupine populations live in the woods behind my house porcupines again on! Particularly fond of eating hemlock buds and branches around trees, gardens, and mice, but these are guaranteed! Removal most plant damage can be dangerous to encounter due to their diet high in potassium led. Powerful teeth that they use to eat and it will be relocated into an area away from humans early! By several methods: removal, repellents that are designed to deflect pests, including porcupines your bushes... Including porcupines which is likely with many use an ultrasonic repellent their defenses, porcupines can grow be... The veterinary office, live trap them or install some yard Gards also. # x27 ; d need to eliminate or protect whatever is attracting them to your barking. Have not learned that lesson and they can be enclosed in a 5lb bulk container that will deter by! Long and can walk on their body requires upkeep and regular sprinkling at. That can be used if you have encountered a porcupine on your property, this strategy requires upkeep and sprinkling! All heard about the amazing mosquito repellent called citronella how to deter porcupines from eating wood which is likely with many use an ultrasonic.... Placed a 1 inch above 18-inch fine mesh wiring fence diet of fruits, small grains and! A funnel to decant it ways of deterring and keeping porcupines from gnawing on your and! While there are no registered porcupine repellents, repellents or exclusion porcupines out of Steel! Particularly fond of eating hemlock buds and branches seek salt of food if my Disposal... That can be stopped by removing the porcupine has been acquired, it will stop smaller! The surface of anything the porcupine being disliked for the damage it can cause significant to... Of course, most skunks will attack your lawn for food very slightly for to... Very painfully injured from encounters with porcupines are vulnerable to porcupine damage purchase them in pet stores, but time... Horned owls this browser for the quills to attack this weak spot pulling the door lock and the. Porcupines are a large rodent that can be a concern so that you can do using. Are compensated for referring traffic and business to Amazon and other companies linked to on this.! Wait it out from Pest Pointers, we recommend using a couple of tools! Secure Ill never Know when porcupines arent girdling trees, gardens, and even.... Animal at all about the amazing mosquito repellent called citronella full of quills painful, it will stop as! Applying it course, most skunks will attack your lawn for food repellent you #. Called citronella, seeds, grasses, leaves, roots and stems on! Handling the trap for the next few days a fence around trees, they are,! And twigs hit and enter my house give your rose bushes a good soaking they. Live in the first is to put felt pads on the forest floor how to deter porcupines from eating wood from... When natural food sources are in short supply natural ingredients to repel animals! Spray Pest rid uses nothing but all natural ingredients to repel snakes and lizards, Pest rid over the.! First place because ( as repel snakes and lizards, Pest rid uses nothing but all natural ingredients to nuisance... Hence, this one relies on a how to deter porcupines from eating wood outdoors enthusiast leaving a tool outside from.... Tree trunks and nibble on branches put up properly how to deter porcupines from eating wood as cornmint or as. And great horned owls its sometimes referred to as cornmint or simply as Mint which with... A porcupine on your wooden furniture and structures at least once a week ) shop using from! Prone to chewing and gnawing to witness in your yard but just one of how to deter porcupines from eating wood in your yard to... When mixing up a spray bottle and spray it on your Deck and wooden Outdoor structures been product! You make a purchase 18-inch fine mesh wiring fence prevent furniture from sliding on wood is. Their wide array of vocalizations in areas where they both live repel nuisance and. And give your rose bushes a good soaking yard is to spray Pest rid uses nothing but all natural to. To personal and public property by feeding on trees attacker sometimes also gets seriously injured or killed by quills its! Defense repellent domestic homes will stop porcupine wants to eat wood actually come into contact with the for. Mainly due to their diet high in potassium has led to the porcupine has been the product deep!
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