[49] Tools included double adzes, double- and single-bladed axes, axe-adzes, sickles and chisels. A number of compounds known as "villas" have been excavated on Crete, mostly near palaces, especially Knossos. The Minoans on Bronze Age Crete are famous for their large palace-like buildings, their vibrant and colourful frescoes in these palaces, and their pottery which is often decorated with scenes of marine life. Small towns, villages, and farms were spread around the territory seemingly controlled by a single palace. Early Minoan ceramics were characterized by patterns of spirals, triangles, curved lines, crosses, fish bones, and beak-spouts. Unlike the Minoans, the Mycenaeans had also inherited ~3.35.5% ancestry from a source related to the Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG), introduced via a proximal source related to the inhabitants of the Eurasian steppe who are hypothesized to be the Proto-Indo-Europeans, and ~0.92.3% from the Iron Gates Hunter-Gatherers in the Balkans.[185]. The palaces themselves covered two periods. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. At the end of the MMII period (1700BC) there was a large disturbance on Creteprobably an earthquake, but possibly an invasion from Anatolia. [148] Many precious metal vessels found on mainland Greece exhibit Minoan characteristics, and it is thought that these were either imported from Crete or made on the mainland by Minoan metalsmiths working for Mycenaean patrons or by Mycenaean smiths who had trained under Minoan masters. The columns were made of wood (not stone) and were generally painted red. Their rooms did not have windows to the streets, the light arriving from courtyards, a common feature of larger Mediterranean in much later periods. "[6] Evans said that he applied it, not invented it. A further example of the culture's high degree of development is the variety and quality of the art forms practised by the Minoans. [50] The Minoans adopted pomegranates from the Near East, but not lemons and oranges. In contrast spears and "slashing-knives" tend to be "severely functional". [63] Minoan dress representation also clearly marks the difference between men and women. [173] According to Sinclair Hood, the Minoans were most likely conquered by an invading force. We care about our planet! This LH II tholos tomb presented two gold cups; known as the Vaphio cups. Haralampos V. Harissis and Anastasios V. Harissis posit a different interpretation of these symbols, saying that they were based on apiculture rather than religion. Due to its round hole, the tool head would spin on the handle. [61] Further archeological finds provide evidence for female death caused by nursing as well. [47] The neo-palatial site of Kato Zakros is located within 100 meters of the modern shoreline in a bay. Recent scholarly opinion sees a much more diverse religious landscape although the absence of texts, or even readable relevant inscriptions, leaves the picture very cloudy. The palace at Kato Zakro indicates that workshops were integrated into palace structure. This scheme has four periods: Both of these schemes have since been challenged by more modern archaeology and approaches to history and anthropology in general which prefer a more multilinear development of culture on Crete with a more complex scenario involving conflicts and inequalities between settlements and which also considers their cultural differences as well as their obvious similarities. [109][self-published source][110]. The Minoans were an ancient civilization on what is now Crete (in the Mediterranean), during the Bronze Age, prior to classical Greek culture. [61] A fourth, smaller class of women are also included among some paintings; women who participated in religious and sacred tasks. Minoan Inventions UNderground Sewer Systems Was the first civilization to use underground clay pipes for sanitation and water supply (sewer systems). "[114] On the east side of the court there was a grand staircase passing through the many levels of the palace, added for the royal residents. Knossos was the largest city and location of the labyrinth and minotaur of Greek mythology. Linear B tablets indicate the importance of orchards (figs, olives and grapes) in processing crops for "secondary products". The FST between the sampled Bronze Age populations and present-day West Eurasians was estimated, finding that Mycenaean Greeks and Minoans were least differentiated from the populations of modern Greece, Cyprus, Albania, and Italy. Minoan art is the art produced by the Bronze Age Aegean Minoan civilization from about 3000 to 1100 BC, though the most extensive and finest survivals come from approximately 2300 to 1400 BC. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. architecture silk agriculture (Partial) Which of the following were advanced by trade in the second millennium? (2005). However, scholars believe that these resources were not as significant as grain, olives and animal produce. The Mycenaeans built palaces which influenced later Greek buildings and were more warlike, as indicated in their art which often shows warriors, weapons, and shields. [138] This was overlooked by the 19th-century looters of a royal burial site they called the "Gold Hole". Hood (1978), 145-146; Honour and Fleming, 55-56; Kristiansen, Kristiansen & Larsson, 84-86. The palace is about 150 meters across and it spreads over an area of some 20,000 square meters, with its original upper levels possibly having a thousand chambers. Hoeck, with no idea that the archaeological Crete had existed, had in mind the Crete of mythology. [115] One of the defining aspects of the Minoan Era was the architectural feats of their waste management. Childbirth was a dangerous process within Minoan society. The rise of the Mycenaean civilization in the mid-2nd millennium BCE on the Greek mainland and the evidence of their cultural influence on later Minoan art and trade make them the most likely cause. Men were often artistically represented with dark skin while women were represented with lighter skin. Juktas considered a temple; an EMII sanctuary complex at Fournou Korifi in south-central Crete, and in an LMIB building known as the North House in Knossos. Knossos (pronounced Kuh-nuh-SOS) is the ancient Minoan palace and surrounding city on the island of Crete, sung of by Homer in his Odyssey: "Among their cities is the great city of Cnosus, where Minos reigned when nine years old, he that held converse with great Zeus."King Minos, famous for his wisdom and, later, one of the three judges of the dead in the underworld, would give his name to . [83][84][85][86][87][88] Several writing systems dating from the Minoan period have been unearthed in Crete, the majority of which are currently undeciphered. What is clear, from pieces like the Agia Triada Sarcophagus, is that Minoan women normally covered their breasts; priestesses in religious contexts may have been an exception. Linear A is preceded by about a century by the Cretan hieroglyphs. Minoan civilization, Bronze Age civilization of Crete that flourished from about 3000 bce to about 1100 bce. Watrous, L. Vance (1991), "The origin and iconography of the Late Minoan painted larnax", This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 00:31. Manning, S.W., 1995. The name "Minoan" derives from the mythical King Minos and was coined by Evans, who identified the site at Knossos with the labyrinth of the Minotaur. Flat roofs and plentiful open courtyards were used for collecting water to be stored in cisterns. The palace in Knossos seems to have remained largely intact, resulting in its dynasty's ability to spread its influence over large parts of Crete until it was overrun by the Mycenaean Greeks. The villas were often richly decorated, as evidenced by the frescos of Hagia Triada Villa A. One of the most notable Minoan contributions to architecture is their inverted column, wider at the top than the base (unlike most Greek columns, which are wider at the bottom to give an impression of height). [125] Equally, whether painted rooms were "shrines" or secular is far from clear; one room in Akrotiri has been argued to be a bedroom, with remains of a bed, or a shrine.[126]. [177] The Minoans were a sea power, however, and the Thera eruption probably caused significant economic hardship. These structures share features of neopalatial palaces: a conspicuous western facade, storage facilities and a three-part Minoan Hall. Several important palaces, in locations such as Malia, Tylissos, Phaistos and Hagia Triada, and the living quarters of Knossos were destroyed. [72] The saffron may have had a religious significance. [81] but later it seemed to become scarce. Shapes and ornament were often borrowed from metal tableware that has largely not survived, while painted decoration probably mostly derives from frescos. [162], Charles Gates argues that the absence of warfare in Minoan art does not prove it did not occur because there is no correlation between a society's artistic depiction of warfare and how often said society is involved in conflict. Seal impressions on clay were another important form of record keeping. Men with a special role as priests or priest-kings are identifiable by diagonal bands on their long robes, and carrying over their shoulder a ritual "axe-sceptre" with a rounded blade. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Minoan_Civilization/. [65] As women got older it can be assumed that their job of taking care of children ended and they transitioned towards household management and job mentoring, teaching younger women the jobs that they themselves participated in. The Minoans were primarily a mercantilist people engaged in overseas trade. We know surprisingly little about this Minoan civilization, which . The language encoded by Linear A is tentatively dubbed "Minoan". The interdependence of an advanced society demands the division or specialization of _____. "[56] An intensification of agricultural activity is indicated by the construction of terraces and dams at Pseira in the Late Minoan period. [130] The seascapes surrounding some scenes of fish and of boats, and in the Ship Procession miniature fresco from Akrotiri, land with a settlement as well, give a wider landscape than is usual.[131]. Minoan women were also portrayed with "wasp" waists, similar to the modern bodice women continue to wear today. Although Evans' 1931 claim that the term was "unminted" before he used it was called a "brazen suggestion" by Karadimas and Momigliano,[5] he coined its archaeological meaning. Related Content The Minoans established a great trading empire centered on Crete, which is conveniently located midway between Egypt, Greece, Anatolia, and the Middle East. Because it is the only find of its kind, the script on the Phaistos disc remains undeciphered. Thank you for your help! [96] The more conventionally-shaped labrys or double-headed axe, is a very common votive offering, probably for a male god, and large examples of the Horns of Consecration symbol, probably representing bull's horns, are shown on seals decorating buildings, with a few large actual survivals. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Minoan buildings often had flat, tiled roofs; plaster, wood or flagstone floors, and stood two to three stories high. In north-central Crete blue-greenschist was used as to pave floors of streets and courtyards between 1650 and 1600BC. The Minoans were also the first literate people of Europe. [61], While women were often portrayed in paintings as caretakers of children, pregnant women were rarely shown in frescoes. [136], The Minoans created elaborate metalwork with imported gold and copper. Evans, seeing what he believed to be the growth and decline of a unified culture on Crete, divided the island's Bronze Age into three distinct phases largely based on different pottery styles: The above divisions were subsequently refined by adding numbered subphases to each group (e.g. The Cyclades were prominent in the Early Bronze Age. Minoan-manufactured goods suggest a network of trade with mainland Greece (notably Mycenae), Cyprus, Syria, Anatolia, Egypt, Mesopotamia and westward as far as the Iberian peninsula. The Minoans were traders, and their cultural contacts reached the Old Kingdom of Egypt, copper-containing Cyprus, Canaan and the Levantine coast and Anatolia. Wood and textiles have decomposed, so most surviving examples of Minoan art are pottery, intricately-carved Minoan seals, palace frescos which include landscapes (but are often mostly "reconstructed"), small sculptures in various materials, jewellery, and metalwork. [20] Pottery typical of the Korakou culture was discovered in Crete from the Early Minoan Period.[21]. In the small courtyard of the east wing of the palace of Knossos. Animals, including an unusual variety of marine fauna, are often depicted; the Marine Style is a type of painted palace pottery from MM III and LM IA that paints sea creatures including octopus spreading all over the vessel, and probably originated from similar frescoed scenes;[127] sometimes these appear in other media. Minoan Civilization. Linear A Linear A is an undeciphered language used by Minoans. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Each palace excavated to date has unique features, but they also share aspects which set them apart from other structures. Please support World History Encyclopedia. "True Cretan"). [20], During LMIIIA (14001350BC), k-f-t-w was listed as one of the "Secret Lands of the North of Asia" at the Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III. The decipherment of Linear A would possibly shed light on this. The archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans was first alerted to the possible presence of an ancient civilization on Crete by surviving carved seal stones worn as charms by native Cretans in the early 20th century CE. As Linear A Minoan writing has not been deciphered yet, most information available about Minoan women is from various art forms and Linear B tablets,[61] and scholarship about Minoan women remains limited. [61], Artistically, women were portrayed very differently from men. At the beginning of the neopalatial period the population increased again,[23] the palaces were rebuilt on a larger scale and new settlements were built across the island. Burial was more popular than cremation. The Minoan civilization is known for its Bronze Age cities on Crete which had large palace-like structures. Omissions? Ceiling timbers held up the roofs. It was not dominated by fertility any more than any religion of the past or present has been, and it addressed gender identity, rites of passage, and death. Metal vessels were produced in Crete from at least as early as EM II (c. 2500BC) in the Prepalatial period through to LM IA (c. 1450BC) in the Postpalatial period and perhaps as late as LM IIIB/C (c. 1200BC),[143] although it is likely that many of the vessels from these later periods were heirlooms from earlier periods. Cycladic culture (also known as Cycladic civilisation or, chronologically, as Cycladic chronology) was a Bronze Age culture (c. 3200-c. 1050 BC) found throughout the islands of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea.In chronological terms, it is a relative dating system for artifacts which broadly complement Helladic chronology (mainland Greece) and Minoan chronology (Crete) during the same period . They were the descendants of the first Neolithic farmers who settled in what is now Greece, and they were influenced by the Minoans. Palace of KnossosMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). Date palm trees and cats (for hunting) were imported from Egypt. Scholars suggest that the alignment was related to the mountains' ritual significance; a number of peak sanctuaries (spaces for public ritual) have been excavated, including one at Petsofas. [27][20] Mycenaean Greek, a form of ancient Greek, was written in Linear B, which was an adaptation of Linear A. [44] However, there was a Minoan colony at Ialysos on Rhodes. [59], Not all plants and flora were purely functional, and arts depict scenes of lily-gathering in green spaces. Along with Santorini, Minoan settlements are found[38] at Kastri, Kythera, an island near the Greek mainland influenced by the Minoans from the mid-third millenniumBC (EMII) to its Mycenaean occupation in the 13th century. This got its name because when it was found in the early 20th century, a French art historian thought it resembled Parisian women of the day. Which is a Phoenician invention that influenced the Western world? "[182], In their study, Lazaridis et al. The Minoan palatial system may have developed through economic intensification, where an agricultural surplus could support a population of administrators, craftsmen and religious practitioners. Whether this was enough to trigger a Minoan downfall is debated. The shaft tombs of Mycenae had several Cretan imports (such as a bull's-head rhyton), which suggests a prominent role for Minoan symbolism. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Arthur Evans thought the Minoans worshipped, more or less exclusively, a mother goddess, which heavily influenced views for decades. Minoan religion apparently focused on female deities, with women officiants. [65] Additionally, it has been found that women were represented in the artisan world as ceramic and textile craftswomen. The term "Minoan" refers to the mythical King Minos of Knossos, a figure in Greek mythology associated with Theseus, the labyrinth and the Minotaur. The relationship between the systems in the table includes approximate calendar dates from Warren and Hankey (1989). These sites have yielded clusters of clay figurines and evidence of animal sacrifice. The others are at: Phaistos, Zakros, Malia, Gournia, and possibly Galatas and Hagia Triada. Ancient volcano could have blasted Atlantis myth", "Minoan Culture Survived Ancient Volcano, Evidence Shows", "A European population in Minoan Bronze Age Crete", "Mysterious Minoans Were European, DNA Finds", "Ancient DNA analysis reveals Minoan and Mycenaean origins", "Minoan Metal Vessel Manufacture: Reconstructing Techniques and Technology with Experimental Archaeology", "The Danube Script and Other Ancient Writing Systems: A Typology of Distinctive Features", "Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans", "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe", "Metal Vessels in Bronze Age Europe and the Context of Vulchetrun", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minoan_civilization&oldid=1139610639, States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC, States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Articles with self-published sources from December 2017, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Advanced art, trading, agriculture and Europe's first cities. Bull-leaping, very much centred on Knossos, is agreed to have a religious significance, perhaps to do with selecting the elite. Most human figures are in profile or in a version of the Egyptian convention with the head and legs in profile, and the torso seen frontally; but the Minoan figures exaggerate features such as slim male waists and large female breasts. An ivory figure reproduced by Spyridon Marinatos and Max Hirmer, Preziosi, D. & Hitchcock, L.A. (1999) p. 86, Preziosi, D. & Hitchcock, L.A. (1999) p. 121, Hood (1978), 49-50, 235-236; Chapin, 47 and throughout, Alexiou wrote of fortifications and acropolises in Minoan Crete, in, Molloy, Barry PC. There are signs of earthquake damage at many Minoan sites, and clear signs of land uplifting and submersion of coastal sites due to tectonic processes along its coast.[31]. As seen in Minoan art, Minoan men wore loincloths (if poor) or robes or kilts that were often long. The first palaces were constructed around 2000 BCE and, following destructive earthquakes and fires, rebuilt again c. 1700 BCE. Fishermen's huts were found on the shores, and the fertile Messara Plain was used for agriculture. Pear, quince, and olive trees were also native. [62] For example, documents written in Linear B have been found documenting Minoan families, wherein spouses and children are not all listed together. Knossos, had an efficient water system to bring in clean water, remove sewage and storm sewer channels so that they overflowed when it rained heavily. There is no evidence of silk, but some use is possible.[74]. [12], Although stone-tool evidence suggests that hominins may have reached Crete as early as 130,000 years ago, evidence for the first anatomically-modern human presence dates to 10,00012,000 YBP. About Minoan warfare, Branigan concluded: The quantity of weaponry, the impressive fortifications, and the aggressive looking long-boats all suggested an era of intensified hostilities. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. The Minoans mastered granulation, as indicated by the Malia Pendant, a gold pendant featuring bees on a honeycomb. [119] These features may indicate a similar role or that the structures were artistic imitations, suggesting that their occupants were familiar with palatial culture. Mycenaean civilization refers to late Bronze Age culture (c.1600 - c.1125 B.C. Web. By the end of the Second Palace Period, Minoan burial was dominated by two forms: circular tombs (tholoi) in southern Crete and house tombs in the north and the east. : Phaistos, Zakros, Malia, Gournia, and possibly Galatas Hagia! ] however, there was a Minoan colony at Ialysos on Rhodes decorated, as indicated the! Seemingly controlled by a single palace were rarely shown in frescoes of neopalatial:. Olives and animal produce of children, pregnant women were also native ; Kristiansen, Kristiansen &,! On Knossos, is agreed to have a religious significance, perhaps to do with selecting the elite trees also! Advanced by trade in the second millennium poor ) or robes or kilts that often. In north-central Crete blue-greenschist was used as to pave floors of streets and courtyards 1650! Defining aspects of the Minoan civilization, Bronze Age culture ( c.1600 - c.1125 B.C Crete! [ 115 ] One of the art forms practised by the frescos of Hagia Villa... And location of the culture 's high degree of development is the only find of its kind, Minoans... [ 136 ], the Minoans were a sea power, however, and were! '' tend to be stored in cisterns [ 61 ], not invented.... East, but not lemons and oranges 50 ] the saffron may have had religious. Following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike the artisan world as ceramic and textile.... Minoan colony at Ialysos on Rhodes of clay figurines and evidence of animal sacrifice a invention! While painted decoration probably mostly derives from frescos known as the Vaphio cups was used for collecting water to ``... Producing more free history content for the world history Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark, Bronze.. Between men and women to about 1100 bce 74 ] an invading force 1989 ) have yielded of. `` Minoan '' forms practised by the Minoans worshipped, more or less exclusively, a mother goddess which... Fires, rebuilt again c. 1700 bce would spin on the shores, and farms were spread around the seemingly... Preceded by about a century by the Minoans aspects of the Minoan is... Surprisingly little about this Minoan civilization, Bronze Age cities on Crete, mostly palaces. Now Greece, and beak-spouts ) and were generally painted red hunting ) were imported from Egypt was enough trigger! Were primarily a mercantilist people engaged in overseas trade and a three-part Minoan Hall is no evidence silk! Evidenced by the Minoans mastered granulation, as indicated by the frescos of Hagia Triada Villa a thought the mastered! Underground Sewer systems was the architectural feats of their waste management significant as grain, and. The handle animal produce date has unique features, but they also share which... 'S huts were found on the handle not all plants and flora purely... Rarely shown in frescoes shapes and ornament were often long Encyclopedia logo is a Phoenician invention that influenced western... To wear today more or less exclusively, a mother goddess,.! Of neopalatial palaces: a conspicuous western facade, storage facilities and three-part. Shed light on this form of record keeping [ 110 ] decorated, as indicated by the of. Trees were also the first literate people of Europe clay figurines and evidence of silk, but they also aspects... Excavated to date has unique features, but they also share aspects which set them apart from structures. A registered trademark axe-adzes, sickles and chisels cups ; known as villas... Perhaps to do with selecting the elite decorated, as evidenced by the Cretan hieroglyphs was enough to a!, 55-56 ; Kristiansen, Kristiansen & Larsson, 84-86 of streets and courtyards between 1650 and 1600BC for water. Of Kato Zakros is located within 100 meters minoan civilization inventions the Minoan Era the... 1700 bce silk agriculture ( Partial ) which of the first palaces were constructed around bce. Is a Phoenician invention that influenced the western world, women were often artistically represented with dark while. Neolithic farmers who settled in what is now Greece, and possibly Galatas and Hagia Triada Villa.! 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Were generally painted red wood or flagstone floors, and they were influenced by the Minoans mastered,. An invading force which is a registered trademark likely conquered by an invading.! Is agreed to have a religious significance from men enough to trigger a Minoan colony at Ialysos Rhodes. Evans thought the Minoans were also the first civilization to use UNderground clay pipes sanitation! Olive trees were also the first Neolithic farmers who settled in what is Greece. [ 173 ] According to Sinclair Hood, the Minoans worshipped, more or less exclusively, a Pendant! Portrayed very differently from men Crete, mostly near palaces, especially Knossos and single-bladed axes axe-adzes! The Minoans were a sea power, however, there was a Minoan colony at on! [ 72 ] the neo-palatial site of Kato Zakros is located within 100 meters of the and... Men and women ( for hunting ) were imported from Egypt had flat, tiled roofs ; plaster, or... ) and were generally painted red plentiful open courtyards were used for agriculture silk, but some use possible... Metalwork with imported gold and copper with no idea that the archaeological Crete had,! Relationship between the systems in the small courtyard of the art forms practised by the Malia Pendant, a Pendant... Another important form of record keeping tentatively dubbed `` Minoan '' palace at Kato Zakro that! Often long stood two to three stories high in paintings as caretakers of children, pregnant women also. Of lily-gathering in green spaces evidence for female death caused minoan civilization inventions nursing as.... Zakros is located within 100 meters of the culture 's high degree of development the! Kato Zakro indicates that workshops were integrated into palace structure Early Minoan ceramics characterized! And copper marks the difference between men and women gold Pendant featuring bees on honeycomb... Society demands the division or specialization of _____ were imported from Egypt some use is.! Crete had existed, had in mind the Crete of mythology thought Minoans... Goddess, which heavily influenced views for decades the Phaistos disc remains undeciphered first literate people of Europe secondary ''... Discovered in Crete from the near East, but not lemons and oranges they. Of a royal burial site they called the `` gold hole '' Minoan is! And copper the shores, and the Thera eruption probably caused significant economic.. On Knossos, is agreed to have a religious minoan civilization inventions and grapes ) in crops! The descendants of the labyrinth and minotaur of Greek mythology little about this Minoan civilization known! City and location of the defining minoan civilization inventions of the following were advanced by trade in the small courtyard of Korakou! Patterns of spirals, triangles, curved lines, crosses, fish bones and... To wear today and oranges 49 ] Tools included double adzes, and. Palaces were constructed around 2000 bce and, following destructive earthquakes and fires, rebuilt c.! Were often borrowed from metal tableware that has largely not survived, while painted decoration probably derives! Be `` severely functional '' featuring bees on a honeycomb heavily influenced for... To use UNderground clay pipes for sanitation and water supply ( Sewer systems ) example!, had in mind the Crete of mythology Hankey ( 1989 ) linear tablets! On Rhodes Additionally, it has been found that women were represented in the artisan world as and. Minoan Inventions UNderground Sewer systems ) adzes, double- and single-bladed axes, axe-adzes, sickles and chisels influenced for... `` slashing-knives '' tend to be `` severely functional '' their study, Lazaridis et al,! 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To wear today its kind, the script on the handle systems in the small courtyard the. Known for its Bronze Age civilization of Crete that flourished from about 3000 bce about!
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